Turkish Tutorial written by Ömer & Mehmet Sener

1. Some Basic Phrases

Merhabā / İyi günler
Hello / Good day

İyi akşamlar
Good evening

İyi geceler
Good night

Selâm / Merhabā
Hi (merhabā is more common)

Güle güle / İyi günler
Bye / Goodbye (Good day)

Lütfen
Please

Teşekkür ederim / Sağol
Thank you / Thanks

Bir şey değil / Ricā ederim
You're welcome / My pleasure

Hoş geldiniz / Hoş geldin
Welcome (formal / informal)

Sonra görüşürüz
See you later

Görüşürüz!
See you!

Yarın görüşürüz
See you tomorrow

Özür dilerim!
Sorry!

Affedersiniz / Pardon!
Excuse me!

Hadi gidelim!
Let's go!

Nasılsınız?
How are you? (formal)

Nasılsın / Nāber?
How are you? / What’s up? (inf.)

İyi değilim / Fenā değil
Not fine  / not bad

İyiyim.
I'm fine.

İyilik.
I'm fine. (informal)

Evet / Hayır / Yok
Yes / no / no (common inf. use)

İsminiz?
What's your name? (formal)

İsmin/Adın ne?
What's your name? (informal)

Adım / İsmim…
My name is...

Memnun oldum
Nice to meet you.

___ Bey, ___ Hanım
Mister, Misses

Hanımlar ve Beyler
Ladies and gentlemen

Nerelisiniz?
Where are you from? (formal)

Nerelisin?
Where are you from? (informal)

…lıyım / …liyim.
I am from...

Nerede oturuyorsunuz?
Where do you live? (formal)

Nerede oturuyorsun?
Where do you live? (informal)

…de/da/te/ta oturuyorum.
I live in...

Kaç yaşındasınız?
How old are you? (formal)

Kaç yaşındasın?
How old are you? (informal)

____ yaşındayım.
I am ____ years old.

Türkçe biliyor musunuz?
Do you speak [know] Turkish? (formal)

İngilizce biliyor musun?
Do you speak [know] English? (informal)

Biliyorum / Bilmiyorum.
I speak [know]… / I don’t speak…

Anlıyor musunuz? / Anlıyor musun?
Do you understand? (formal / informal)

Anlıyorum / Anlamıyorum.
I understand / I don’t understand.

Biliyorum / Bilmiyorum.
I know / I don’t know.

Yardım eder misiniz? / Yardım eder misin?
Can you help me? (formal / informal)

Tabii / Tabii ki
Of course.

Efendim?
What? Pardon me?

…nerede?
Where is... / Where are...?

İşte / Buyurun
There it is / Here you are.

…var / ...vardı.
There is/are... / There was/were...

Türkçe’de ____ nasıl denir?
How do you say ____ in Turkish?

Bu ne? / Bunun mānāsı ne?
What is this? / What does this mean?

Neyin var?
What's the matter?

Önemli bir şey değil.
It doesn't matter.

Ne oluyor?
What's happening?

Hiç bilmiyorum.
I have no idea.

Yoruldum / Hastayım.
I'm tired / sick.

Acıktım / Susadım.
I'm hungry / thirsty.

Yandım / Üşüdüm.
I'm hot / cold.

Sıkıldım.
I'm bored.

Beni ilgilendirmez
I don't care.

Merāk etmeyin / Merāk etme.
Don't worry (formal / informal)

Sorun değil / Önemli değil
It's no problem. / It's alright.

Unuttum.
I forgot.

Gitmem lāzım.
I must go.

Çok yaşayın / Çok yaşa!
Bless you! (formal / informal)

Tebrikler / Tebrik ederim.
Congratulations!

Kolay gelsin! / İyi şanslar!
(wish of success) / Good luck! (less common)

Sıra sizde / Sıra sende
It's your turn! (formal / informal)

Sessiz olun / Sessiz ol!
Be quiet! (formal / informal)

Seni seviyorum.
I love you (singular)

Notice that Turkish has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Turkish (as well as in many other languages). The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone who is older than you or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example).

As in many Romance languages, personal pronouns can be omitted, and they are only added for emphasis.

Turkish has Vowel Harmony. That’s why we have given a choice of suffixes in the example “I live in…”. This will be dealt with in later sections.

In the examples used, we have used a vowel lengthener sign (as in ā, ī and ū) to differentiate between short and long vowels. Note that it does not show the stress; rather it shows that the vowel is pronounced longer.

The “^” sign is used to soften the consonant that precedes it.

The length and the softening of vowels is conveyed through this one sign “^” in standard writing. Even then it is only used in certain words or phrases nowadays. For that reason we have used two different signs and have put it at every point where needed, to help the new learner.

2. Pronunciation

a

car

ı

cousin

r

role (rolled)

b

big

i

tea

s

sun

c

jam

j

Jean d’Arc

ş

shine

ç

charm

k

kid

t

time

d

do

l

lake

u

wood

e

ever

m

mine

ü

fruit

f

fight

n

nine

v

van

g

gate

o

grow

y

yard

ğ

see below.

ö

first

z

zoo

h

harp

p

push

 

 

 

Turkish is a very phonetic language, so pronunciation is very easy.  Most words are pronounced exactly as they are spelled.

ü is exactly pronounced like “u” in French, like “tu”.

ğ is in most cases a silent letter. It has a unique sound to it when pronounced separately

(The closest would be the “r” sound in French, but ğ is not a guttural letter).

Today, ğ is used:

·         as a vowel lengthener, that is, it lengthens the vowel that precedes it.

Dağ (“da:”) “mountain”

Ağlamak (“a:lamak”) “to cry”

Ağaç (“a:ch”) “tree”

·         in the middle of two vowels to connect them.

Eğilmek “to stoop”, eğitim “education”.

ı is pronounced like the “e” sound of “kommen” in German. It is an undotted i in appearance.

kâ is pronounced like the “qua” sound in “quatre” in French.

gâ is pronounced in a similar way, similar to “gare” in French.

lâ is pronounced like the “la” sound in French.

3. Subject Pronouns

ben

I

biz

we

sen

you (singular)

siz

you (formal&plural)

o

he / she / it

onlar

they

The plural you, siz, is also used for formal address. The subject pronouns for the third person singular and plural (o and onlar) are generally replaced by the noun they specify (i.e. the person, the object) in the spoken language.

4. General Vocabulary

and

ve

friend

arkadaş

but

ama

man

adam

only

sādece

woman

kadın

now

şimdi

boy

çocuk; oğul

at the moment

şu anda

baby

bebek

always

her zaman

girl

kız

never

hiç

child

çocuk

something

bir şey

book

kitap

nothing

hiçbir şey

pencil

kalem

also / too

de/da

paper

kâğıt

again

yine; gene; tekrar

dog

köpek

of course

tabii; tabii ki

cat

kedi

5. Question Words

what

ne

why

niye

when

ne zaman

where

nerede

how

nasıl

how much / many    

ne kadar / kaç

which / which one

hangi / hangisi

who

kim

whom

kimi

to whom

kime

whose

kimin

from where

nereden

to where

nereye

Nereden biliyorsun?   How do you know?
Kimi tanıyorsun?    Whom do you know?
Kaç dil öğreniyorsun?  How many languages are you learning?
Hangi üniversitede okuyorsun?    In which university are you studying?
Niye gülüyorsun?      Why are you laughing?

6. The suffix “to be” and Vowel Harmony

ben     -im

I am

biz     -iz

we are

sen     -sin

you are (sing.)

siz     -siniz

you are (plural)

o         -dur

he / she / it is

onlar  -dırlar

they are

The suffixes –dur and –dırlar are mostly omitted in speech, and they can sometimes be left out in the written language.

The vowels used in the suffix “to be” shifts with Vowel Harmony. Vowel Harmony is easy to learn. The vowels are divided into two groups for this:

The A-undotted group and the E-dotted group.

Note: Instead of memorizing the subtleties of each rule, it is more helpful to study the examples below by writing them down and repeating them with a loud voice, thus gaining a sense of the language.

The A-undotted group includes the vowels a,ı,o,u.

The vowel used in the last syllable of a word defines the way vowel harmony is constructed.

·         If the last vowel is a or ı, then the vowel(s) of the suffix is ı.

arkadaş >> arkadaş + ız >> Biz arkadaşız.  “We are friends.”

hasta >> hasta + sınız >> Hastasınız. “You are ill.”

·         If the last vowel is o or u, then the vowel(s) of the suffix is u.

tok >> tok + um >> Tokum.  “I am full.”

The E-dotted group consists of the vowels e,i,ö,ü.

·         If the last vowel is e or i, then the vowel(s) of the suffix is i.

ben >> ben + im >> Benim.  “It’s me.” (lit. “I am.”)

·         If the last vowel is ö or ü, then the vowel(s) of the suffix is ü.

üzgün >> üzgün + sün >> Üzgünsün. “You are upset.”

mutlu - happy ( ending in a vowel )

mutlu + y + um

I am happy

mutlu + y + uz

we are happy

mutlu + sun

you are happy

mutlu + sunuz

you are happy (plural)

mutlu

he/she/it is happy

mutlu

they are happy

·         If the word ends in a vowel, y is added before suffixes for “I” and “we”.

hasta >> hasta + y + ım >> Hastayım. “I’m ill.”

evde >> evde + y + iz >> Evdeyiz. "We are at home."

It should be noted that there are words that end with a soft L. In this case, the endings take E –dotted vowels instead.

meşgūl >> meşgūl+üz >> Meşgūlüz. “We are busy.”

7. To Read, Study and to Learn

okumak - to read/to study

 

öğrenmek - to learn

okuyorum

okuyoruz

 

öğreniyorum

öğreniyoruz

okuyorsun

okuyorsunuz

 

öğreniyorsun

öğreniyorsunuz

okuyor

okuyorlar

 

öğreniyor

öğreniyorlar

Türkçe öğreniyorum.   I’m learning Turkish.
Ne okuyorsun? What are you reading / Which subject are you studying?
Edebiyat okuyorum.    I’m studying Literature.
Harry Potter okuyorum.    I’m reading Harry Potter.

8. Respect Words

There are respect words that are used in daily life. Instead of addressing a teacher or a professor with siz, students would prefer the word Hocam(which means app. ‘my master’ or ‘my teacher’). Amca, is used to address a male who is older than the speaker. It can also be added to the name of people who are known to the person. In formal situations, the words Bey and Hanım are used after the name. They are also used to address people who are totally unknown to the speaker. In less formal situations, the endings for informal you, sen, can be used, as in the first example.

Ahmet Bey, meşgul müsün?  Mr. Ahmet, are you busy?
İpek Hanım, misāfiriniz var.   Ms. İpek, you have a visitor/guest.
Merhabā Ömer amca, nasılsın?    Hello Ömer amca, how are you?
Merhabā Hocam, nasılsınız?     Hello Professor, how are you?

9. To Know People and Facts

tanımak - to know people

 

bilmek - to know facts

tanıyorum

tanıyoruz

 

biliyorum

biliyoruz

tanıyorsun

tanıyorsunuz

 

biliyorsun

biliyorsunuz

tanıyor

tanıyorlar

 

biliyor

biliyorlar

10. Numbers / Ordinals

0

sıfır

zero

 

1

bir

first

birinci / ilk

2

iki

second

ikinci

3

üç

third

üçüncü

4

dört

fourth

dördüncü

5

beş

fifth

beşinci

6

altı

sixth

altıncı

7

yedi

seventh

yedinci

8

sekiz

eighth

sekizinci

9

dokuz

ninth

dokuzuncu

10

on

tenth

onuncu

11

on bir

eleventh

on birinci

12

on iki

twelfth

on ikinci

13

on üç

thirteenth

on üçüncü

14

on dört

fourteenth

on dördüncü

15

on beş

fifteenth

on beşinci

16

on altı

sixteenth

on altıncı

17

on yedi

seventeenth

on yedinci

18

on sekiz

eighteenth

on sekizinci

19

on dokuz

nineteenth

on dokuzuncu

20

yirmi

twentieth

yirminci

21

yirmi bir

twenty-first

yirmi birinci

22

yirmi iki

twenty-second

yirmi ikinci

30

otuz

thirtieth

otuzuncu

40

kırk

fortieth

kırkıncı

50

elli

fiftieth

ellinci

60

altmış

sixtieth

altmışıncı

70

yetmiş

seventieth

yetmişinci

80

seksen

eightieth

sekseninci

90

doksan

ninetieth

doksanıncı

100

yüz

hundredth

yüzüncü

1000

bin

thousandth

bininci

11. The Present Tense Şimdiki Zaman

-yorum

I am ___ing

-yoruz

we are ___ing

-yorsun   

you are ___ing (sing.)

-yorsunuz

you are ___ing (plural)

-yor

he / she / it is ___ing

-yorlar

they are ___ing

 

The Present Tense covers the uses of the Present Continuous Tense in English. Furthermore, it also covers some uses of the Simple Present Tense, especially in the oral language. It is constructed by adding the suffixes above to the verb stem. Yet, a vowel that connects the verb stem to the suffix is added in between, following the rules of Vowel Harmony. The construction is the same with the suffix “to be”.

·         If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the verb stem is a or ı, then the vowel is ı, making    –ıyor.

açmak “to open”                         aç- >> aç + ı + yor >> açıyor  “he/she/it is opening”

·         If the last vowel of the verb stem is o or u, then the vowel is u, making –uyor.

olmak “to become, to happen”               ol- >> ol + u + yor >> oluyor  “it is happening”

·         If the last vowel of the verb stem is e or i, then the vowel is i, making –iyor.

içmek “to drink”                      iç- >> iç + i + yor >> içiyor  “he/she/it is drinking”

·         If the last vowel of the verb stem is ö or ü, then the vowel is ü, making –üyor.

gülmek “to laugh”                  gül- >> gül + ü + yor >> gülüyor  “he/she/it is laughing”

·         Verb stems ending in a vowel either drop this vowel to avoid vowel clusters,

anlamak “to understand”                 anla- >> anl + ı + yor >> anlıyor  “he/she/it understands”

·         or the final vowel mingles with the vowel and they become one. This happens if the final vowel is u, ü, ı or i.

okumak “to read / to study”                    oku- >> ok + u + yor >> okuyor “he/she/it is reading”

In all cases the ending –yor and the personal suffixes always remain the same in all verbs in the Present Tense.

Ne yapıyorsun?         What are you doing?
Şimdi uyuyor.            He/she/it is sleeping now.
Yunus Emre’yi tanıyorum.    I know Yunus Emre.
Hemen geliyorum.     I’m coming right now.

The verbs gitmek (to go) and etmek (to do) go through a consonant mutation when conjugated. The final consonant of the verb stem t softens to d. 

git- >> gid + i + yor >> gidiyor “he/she/it is going”               et- >> ed + i + yor >> ediyor  “he/she/it is doing”

12. Days of the Week

Monday

pazartesi

Tuesday

salı

Wednesday

çarşamba

Thursday

perşembe

Friday

cumā

Saturday

cumartesi

Sunday

pazar

the day

gün

the week

hafta

this week

bu hafta

the weekend

haftasonu

today

bugün

tomorrow

yarın

yesterday

dün

To say “on Monday”, the expression pazartesi günü is used. It means literally “on the day of Monday”. This is true for other days of the week (salı günü, cuma günü etc.). Days of the week are not capitalized; unless they are used in an exact date, as in 19 Ocak Salı (January 19th, Tuesday).

13. Possessive Suffixes

To say “my school”, “his car” in Turkish, we add certain suffixes to the word.

anne - mother; mom ( ending in a vowel )

annem

my mother

annemiz

our mother

annen

your mother (singular)

anneniz

your mother (plural)

annesi

his/her/its mother

anneleri

their mother

 

Possessive suffixes follow the rules of Vowel Harmony. The construction is quite similar to the suffix “to be”.

·         For the suffixes “my” and “your”, words ending in a vowel get –m and –n respectively, without the need of an additional vowel.

āile >> āile+m >> āilem  “my family”

araba >> araba+m >> arabam  “my car”

·         If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is a or ı, then the vowel of the suffix is ı.

araba >> araba+mız >> arabamız  “our car”

·         If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is o or u, then the vowel of the suffix is u.

uyku >> uyku+su>> uykusu  “his/her/its sleep”

·         If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is e or i, then the vowel of the suffix is i.

kedi >> kedi+niz >> kediniz  “your cat” (plural)

·         If the last vowel (or the only vowel) of the word is ö or ü, then the vowel of the suffix is ü.

türkü >> türkü+müz >> türkümüz “our folk song”

·         The suffix for “their” is either –ları or –leri, depending on the last vowel of the word being an A-undotted vowel or an E-dotted vowel.

arabaları   “their car(s)”          

ev -  house (ending in a consonant)

evim

my house

evimiz

our house

evin

your house (singular)

eviniz

your house (plural)

evi

his/her/its house

evleri

their house

 

·         When the word ends in a consonant, a vowel is added before the suffix. This is the same vowel with the one in the suffix, as can be seen in the examples below.

ev >> ev + i + miz >> evimiz “our house”

köy >> köy + ü + nüz >> köyünüz “your village” (plural)

·                 If the word ends in a consonant, the letter s is omitted from the suffix for “his/her/its”.

at >> at + ı >> atı “his/her/its horse”

·         The suffix for “their” –leri/–ları remains unchanged even if the word ends in a consonant.

14. Months of the Year

January

ocak

February

şubat

March

mart

April

nīsan

May

mayıs

June

hazīran

July

temmuz

August

ağustos

September

eylül

October

ekim

November

kasım

December

aralık

the month

ay

this month

bu ay

next month

gelecek ay

last month

geçen ay

the year

yıl /sene

this year

bu sene

To say “In May” for instance, the expression mayıs ayında is used. It translates as “in the month of May”. The same expression is used for all months, thus; ekim ayında etc. Months are not capitalized; unless they are included in an exact date, as in 20 Mart 2002 (March 20, 2002).

15. Seasons

spring

bahar

 

autumn

sonbahar

summer

yaz

 

winter

kış

To say “in the summer” or “in the winter”, the words yazın and kışın are used. For “in the spring” and “in the autumn”, the locative suffix is used. Thus baharda and ilkbaharda.

16. Directions

north

kuzey

 

east

doğu

south

güney

 

west

batı

northeast

kuzeydoğu

 

northwest

kuzeybatı

southeast

güneydoğu

 

southwest

güneybatı

17. Colors and the Indefinite Article

red

kırmızı

 

turquoise

turkuaz

pink

pembe

 

brown

kahverengi

orange

turuncu

 

azure

gök māvisi

yellow

sarı

 

black

siyah

green

yeşil

 

gray

grī

blue

māvi

 

white

beyaz

light blue

açık māvi

 

gold

altın rengi

purple

mor

 

silver

gümüş rengi

kırmızı elma     red apple

yeşil yapraklar   green leaves

beyaz kapı      white door

There is no definite article in Turkish.

The indefinite article bir comes after the adjective. In poetry and creative writing, it can sometimes precede the adjective as well, but this is rare in the spoken language.

Bahçemizde yeşil bir ağaç var.      There’s a green tree in our garden.
Gümüş rengi bir saatim var.           I have a silver-colored watch.

Also note that it might be left out in some places where it is used in English.

Öğrenciyim.     I’m a student.

Most of the time, the last consonant of bir is not pronounced in daily life.

Bi hafta sonra geliyorum.  I’m coming in a week.
Bi saat önce buradaydı. He was here an hour ago.

18. Formation of Plural Nouns

Formation of plural nouns is fairly easy in Turkish. To make words plural, add –ler or –lar to the word, according the vowel in the last syllable. If the vowel in the last syllable is an E-dotted vowel it gets –ler, if it is an A-undotted vowel it gets –lar.

evler   houses

arabalar   cars

okullar   schools

hastalar   patients

insanlar    people

There are some exceptions as well that can be memorized without much difficulty:

saatler    hours  

festivaller    festivals

Galler   Wales (i.e. the country)

19. Time

Saat kaç?

What time is it?

Bir.

It's one.

İki/üç/dört…

It's two/three/four...

Öğle vakti.

It's noon.

Gece yarısı.

It's midnight.

Beşi beş geçiyor.

It's 5:05

Sekizi çeyrek geçiyor.

It's 8:15

Dokuz kırk beş.

It's 9:45 (common use)

Dokuza on var.

It's 8:50

Beş otuz beş.

It's 5:35 (common use)

Üç buçuk.

It's 3:30

It is also common to give the hour and the minute simply, an easier way to tell the time (the two examples signed with parentheses show this).

20. Weather

Bugün hava nasıl?

How's the weather today?

Hava güzel.

The weather's nice.

Hava kötü / bozuk.

The weather's bad.

Soğuk.

It's cold.

Sıcak.

It's hot.

Güneşli.

It's sunny.

Rüzgârlı.

It's windy.

Yağmurlu.

It's raining.

Kar yağıyor.

It's snowing.

Bulutlu.

It's cloudy.

21. Family and Animals

family

āile

 

sibling

kardeş

 

dog

köpek

parents

ebeveyn

 

grandfather

dede

 

cat

kedi

husband

koca

 

grandmother

nine

 

bird

kuş

wife

karı; eş

 

grandson

torun

 

fish

balık

father

baba

 

granddaughter

torun

 

horse

at

mother

anne

 

uncle

amca/dayı

 

goat

keçi

son

oğul

 

aunt

hala/teyze

 

pig

domuz

daughter

kız

 

nephew

yeğen

 

cow

inek

child(ren)

çocuk(lar)

 

niece

yeğen

 

rabbit

tavşan

sister

kız kardeş

 

cousin

kuzen

 

turtle

kaplumbağa

brother

erkek kardeş

 

relatives

akrabā

 

mouse

fāre

22. To Have and There is / are

The meaning of “There is, there are” is conveyed through the word var. It means “there is / it exists”.

Otoparkta beş araba var.       There are five cars in the parking lot.
Bahçemizde üç ağaç var.      There are three trees in our garden.

 

To say “There aren’t, there isn’t”, the word yok is used, which means “there isn’t / it doesn’t exist”.

Apartmanımızda hiç Amerikalı yok.      There are no Americans in our apartment.

 

Saying you have something is fairly easy in Turkish. For this purpose, the possessive suffixes and the word var are used together.

Küçük bir kaplumbağam var.      I have a (lit. “my”) small tortoise.
     Sāhilde evi var.        He/she has a (lit. “his/her”) house by the seaside.

 

For negation, yok is used in the same way.

Kedimiz yok.               We don’t have a (lit. “our”) cat.

 

To ask questions like “do you have, don’t you have”, var and yok are used with the question particle, making var mı and yok mu.

    Arabanız var mı?       Do you have a (lit. “your [pl. or formal] car”) car?
Bilgisayarları yok mu?     Don’t they have a computer of their own?

23. Work and School

doctor
dentist
lawyer
professor
teacher
engineer
architect
writer
journalist
musician
artist
pharmacist
banker
carpenter
barber
mechanic
salesman
electrician
postman
policeman
soldier
pilot
secretary
poet
nurse		 doktor
diş hekimi / dişçi
avukat
profesör
öğretmen
mühendis
mīmar
yazar
gazeteci
müzisyen
ressam
eczācı
bankacı
marangoz
berber
makine ustası
satıcı
elektrikçi
postacı
polis
asker
pilot
sekreter
şāir
hasta bakıcı 		history
math
algebra
geometry
science
physics
chemistry
zoology
botany
geography
music
art
drawing (noun)
painting (noun)
linguistics
languages
drawing (verb)
painting (verb)		 tārih
matematik
cebir
geometri
fen
fizik
kimyā
zooloji                             
botanik
coğrafya
müzik
sanat
çizim
resim
dilbilim
diller           
çizim yapmak
resim yapmak

24. Also and To Be at a Place

The meaning of being at/in one place is conveyed through the particle –de or –da in Turkish. Either of these endings is added to the word, according to the vowel in the last syllable. An E-dotted vowel will get –de, and an A-undotted vowel will get –da, similar to the plurals.

arabada   in the car

evde     at home

okulda   at school

Note that there is also –te and –ta, used if the last letter of the word is a hard consonant (one of these letters: f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p).

işte   at work

Note: Proper nouns are separated from suffixes by an apostrophe in Turkish.

New York’ta   in New York

The particle de/da also means “too, also”. It is then written separate from the word and is not bound with hard consonant rules.

Arkadaşım da İngilizce biliyor.  My friend knows English too.
Gökay da gelmek istiyor.      Gökay also wants to come.  
Biz de bilmiyoruz.  We don’t know either.

25. Fruits, Vegetables and Meat

apple

elma

 

 lettuce

marul

 

ham

jambon

orange

portakal

cabbage

lahana

meatball

köfte

banana

muz

cauliflower

karnabahar

chicken

tavuk

grapefruit

greyfurt

asparagus

kuşkonmaz

turkey

hindi

lemon

limon

spinach

ıspanak

lobster

yengeç

peach

şeftāli

tomato

domates

water

su

fig

incir

bean

fasulye

soda

soda

grape

üzüm

rice

pirinç

wine

şarap

pear

armut

carrot

havuç

pork

domuz eti

plum

erik

turnip

şalgam

pancake

gözleme

cherry

kiraz

onion

soğan

corn

mısır