Spanish III Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar
I am currently updating the tutorials with more vocabulary and regional variations, so the mp3s may not match exactly with what is written.
| hay | there is / are |
| había | there was / were |
| hay que + infinitive | it is necessary to + infinitive |
| tener que + infinitive | to have to / must + infinitive |
| tener ganas de + infinitive | to want to + infinitive |
| ir a + infinitive | to be going to + infinitive |
| acabar de + infinitive | to have just + past participle |
| hace + time | time + ago |
The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing.
It is formed by using estar (in any tense) with a present participle.
Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the verb,
and adding the following endings to the stem:
| -ar | -ando |
| -er | -iendo |
| -ir | -iendo |
Juan está hablando. Juan is talking.
Estaban cantando. They were singing.
Estuve escribiendo una carta. I was writing a letter.
A few irregular present participles are: poder - pudiendo, dormir - durmiendo, sentir - sintiendo, venir - viniendo, pedir - pidiendo, leer - leyendo, ir - yendo, reír - riendo.
| present: have, has | preterite: had | imperfect: had | future: will have | |
| (yo) | he |
hube | había | habré |
| (tú / vos) | has | hubiste | habías | habrás |
| (él / ella / usted) | ha | hubo | había | habrá |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | hemos | hubimos | habíamos | habremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | habéis | hubisteis | habíais | habréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) |
han | hubieron | habían | habrán |
This verb does not mean to possess (that is tener); but it is used in perfect tenses as an auxiliary verb.
The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is only used as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated as "have/has + past participle." Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than the perfect when expressing the past.
Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings:
| -ar -er -ir |
-ado -ido -ido |
The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) - abierto (opened); escribir (to write) - escrito (written); morir (to die) - muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto (put); ver (to see) - visto (seen); volver (to return) - vuelto (returned); decir (to say) - dicho (said); hacer (to do) - hecho (done).
No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the
house.
Dónde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the
key?
Hemos ganado mucho dinero. We have earned a lot of money.
Qué ha dicho Ud.? What did you say?
The past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of haber and a past participle. Sometimes the preterite of haber is used, but the imperfect is more common.
Carlos había vivido en México. Carlos
had lived in Mexico.
Habíamos aprendido el español. We had learned
Spanish.
| airport | el aeropuerto | embassy | la embajada | pier | el muelle |
| bakery | la panadería | factory | la fábrica | police station | la comisaría |
| bank | el banco | farm | la granja | port | el puerto |
| bar | el bar | fire hydrant | la boca de agua | prison | la prisión |
| barn | el granero | fountain | la fuente | restaurant | el restaurante |
| barracks | el cuartel | garage | el garaje | road (highway) | la carretera / la vía |
| bench | el banco | grocery store | el supermercado | school | la escuela |
| bridge | el puente | hospital | el hospital | sidewalk | la acera |
| bookstore | la librería | hotel | el hotel | square | la plaza |
| building | el edificio | house | la casa | stable | la cuadra |
| butcher's | la carnicería | hut | la cabaña | stadium | el estadio |
| castle | el castillo | inn | la posada | stop sign | la señal de alto |
| cathedral | la catedral | lane (town) | la calleja | store | la tienda |
| cemetery | el cementerio | library | la biblioteca | street | la calle |
| church | la iglesia | market | el mercado | suburb | el barro residencial |
| cinema | el cine | ministry | el ministerio | theater | el teatro |
| consulate | el consulado | monument | el monumento | tower | la torre |
| corner | la esquina | museum | el museo | town | la ciudad |
| courtyard | el patio | palace | el palacio | town hall | el ayuntamiento |
| crosswalk | el cruce peatonal | path | la senda | traffic light | el semáforo |
| dock | la dársena | pavement | la acera | university | la universidad |
| dry cleaner's | la tintorería | pharmacy | la farmacia | village | el pueblo |
In Mexico, the square in many towns is called el zócalo.
Addresses in the Spanish-speaking world use the name of the street first, then the number of the building.
| by bus | en autobús |
| by bicycle | en bicicleta |
| by car | en carro / en coche |
| by motorcycle | en motocicleta |
| by subway | en metro |
| by taxi | en taxi |
| by plane | en avión |
| by train | en tren |
| by boat | en barco |
| on foot | a pie |
El carro is used in Latin America and el coche is used in Spain. In addition, the verb to drive is manejar in Latin America but conducir in Spain.
Bus can also be la guagua (Cuba), la camioneta (Colombia and Venezuela) or el camión (Mexico) - but el camión means truck in other countries. A longer bus in Cuba is el camello and in Mexico it is el gusano.
47. To Want, to Be Able to, to Have to ![]()
| querer - to want | ||||
| present: want(s) | preterite: wanted | imperfect: wanted | future: will want | |
| (yo) | quiero | quise | quería | querré |
| (tú / vos) | quieres / querés | quisiste | querías | querrás |
| (él / ella / usted) | quiere | quiso | quería | querrá |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | queremos | quisimos | queríamos | querremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | queréis | quisisteis | queríais | querréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) |
quieren | quisieron | querían | querrán |
| poder - to be able to, can | ||||
| present: am/is/are able to; can | preterite: was/were able to; could | imperfect: was/were able to; could | future: will be able to | |
| (yo) | puedo | pude | podía | podré |
| (tú / vos) | puedes / podés | pudiste | podías | podrás |
| (él / ella / usted) | puede | pudo | podía | podrá |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | podemos | pudimos | podíamos | podremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | podéis | pudisteis | podíais | podréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) |
pueden | pudieron | podían | podrán |
| deber - to have to, must | ||||
| present: has/have to; must | preterite: had to | imperfect: had to | future: will have to | |
| (yo) | debo | debí | debía | deberé |
| (tú / vos) | debes / debés | debiste | debías | derberás |
| (él / ella / usted) | debe | debió | debía | deberá |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | debemos | debimos | debíamos | deberemos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | debéis | debisteis | debíais | deberéis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) |
deben | debieron | debían | deberán |
Querer and poder, as well as saber, tener and entender, are used in the imperfect when there are simultaneous actions or an interrupted action in the past. The preterite is used when an action suddenly happened.
Another form of querer that is quite useful is the imperfect subjunctive. This conjugation can translate to would like + noun or infinitive, so it is handy to know for making requests and being polite.
| would like | |
| (yo) | quisiera |
| (tú / vos) | quisieras |
| (él / ella / usted) | quisiera |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | quisiéramos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | quisierais |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) |
quisieran |
| alarm clock | el despertador | drawer | el cajón | pipe | la pipa |
| armchair | el sillón | dresser | el tocador | pipe (water) | el tubo |
| ashtray | el cenicero | driveway | la entrada del garaje | poker | el atizador |
| attic | el desván | DVD player | el lector de DVD | radio | la radio |
| balcony | el balcón | fence | la cerca | record | el disco |
| basement | el sótano | film | la película | refrigerator | el refrigerador |
| basket | la cesta | fire | el fuego | roof | el tejado |
| bathroom | el baño | flame | la llama | room | el cuarto |
| bathtub | la bañera | flashlight | la linterna | rug | la alfombra |
| batteries | las pilas | flat | el apartamento | sheet | la sábana |
| bed | la cama | floor | el suelo | shelf | el estante |
| bedroom | la alcoba / el dormitorio | floor (levels) | el piso / la planta | shovel | la pala |
| bell (door) | la campanilla | flower | la flor | shower | la ducha |
| blanket | la cobija | freezer | el congelador | sideboard | el aparador |
| blinds | la persiana | front walk | la vereda | sink | el fregadero |
| bookcase | la librería | furniture | los muebles | sink (bathroom) | el lavabo |
| box | la caja | garage | el garaje | sitting room | la sala |
| broom | la escoba | garden | el jardín | smoke | el humo |
| bucket | el balde | ground floor | la planta baja | sofa | el sofá |
| camcorder | la cámara | hearth | la chimenea | stairs | las escaleras |
| camera | la máquina de fotos | hook | el gancho | steps | los escalones |
| candle | la vela | house | la casa | story | el piso |
| carpet | la alfombra | iron (flat) | la plancha | stove | la estufa |
| cassette | la cinta | kerosene | el petróleo | study | el estudio |
| CD player | el lector de CD | key | la llave | switch | el conmutador |
| ceiling | el techo | kitchen | la cocina | table | la mesa |
| chair | la silla | ladder | la escalera | tap (faucet) | el grifo |
| chimney | la chimenea | lamp | la lámpara | telephone | el teléfono |
| cigar | el puro / el cigarro | lawn | el césped | television | el televisor |
| cigarette | el cigarrillo | light bulb | la bombilla | toaster | la tostadora |
| clock | el reloj | living room | la sala | toilet (WC) | el inodoro |
| closet | el armario | lock | la cerradura | towel | la toalla |
| compact disc | el disco compacto | mailbox | el buzón | vacuum cleaner | el aspirador |
| computer | la computadora | matches | las cerillas | vase | el jarrón |
| corner | el rincón | mattress | el colchón | VCR | el magnetoscopio |
| cupboard | la alacena | microwave oven | el horno microondas | wall (house) | el muro |
| curtain | la cortina | mirror | el espejo | wall (room) | la pared |
| cushion | el cojín | oven | el horno | window | la ventana |
| desk | el escritorio | pantry | la despensa | yard | el jardín |
| dining room | el comedor | picture | el cuadro | ||
| door | la puerta | pillow | la almohada |
Comparisons are expressed as follows:
| más [adjective] que menos [adjective] que tan [adjective] como tanto (-a, -os, -as) [noun] como |
more [adjective] than less [adjective] than as [adjective] as as much/many [noun] as |
El gato es menos inteligente que el perro. The cat is less
intelligent than the dog.
Mi prima tiene más discos que nadie. My cousin has
more records than anyone.
No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes. I don't have as much
money as you.
To form comparatives, just add más or menos before the adjective or adverb. To form the superlative, place the definite article before the comparative. Note that de is used to express in after a superlative.
más alta taller
la más alta the tallest
Rosa es la niña más alta de la clase. Rosa
is the tallest girl in the class.
Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The most common are:
| Adjective/Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||
| good bad great small well badly much little |
bueno malo grande pequeño bien mal mucho poco |
better worse greater less better worse more less |
mejor peor mayor menor mejor peor más menos |
the best the worst the greatest the least best worst most least |
el mejor el peor el mayor el menor el mejor el peor el más el menos |
Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and pequeño change according to gender. The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.
| apron | el delantal | pants | los pantalones |
| barrette | el pasador | pin | el alfiler |
| bathrobe | la bata | el bolsillo | |
| belt | el cinturón | purse | el bolso |
| blouse | la blusa | raincoat | el impermeable |
| boot | la bota | ring | el anillo |
| bracelet | la pulsera | sandals | las sandalias |
| brush | un cepillo del pelo | scarf | la bufanda |
| buckle | la hebilla | shirt | la camisa |
| button | el botón | shoe | el zapato |
| cap | el gorro | shoelace | el cordón |
| clothes | la ropa | shorts | los pantalones cortos |
| coat | el abrigo | silk | la seda |
| collar | el cuello | skirt | la falda |
| comb | el peine | sleeve | la manga |
| cotton | el algodón | slippers | las pantuflas |
| dress | el vestido | soap | el jabón |
| earmuffs | las orejaras | sock | los calcetines |
| earrings | el arete | stocking | la media |
| fashion | la moda | suit | el traje |
| glasses | los lentes | sunglasses | las gafas de sol |
| glove | el guante | suspenders | los tirantes |
| handbag | el bolso | sweater | el jersey |
| handkerchief | el pañuelo | sweatsuit | el chándal |
| hat | el sombrero | swimsuit | el traje de baño |
| jacket | la cazadora | tie | la corbata |
| jeans | los vaqueros | T-shirt | la camiseta |
| mittens | los mitones | umbrella | el paraguas |
| necklace | el collar | underwear | la ropa interior |
| nightgown | el camisón | waistcoat | el chaleco |
| overcoat | el sobretodo | watch | el reloj |
| pajamas | los pijamas | wool | la lana |
| llevar - to wear | ||||
| present: wear(s) | preterite: wore | imperfect: wore | future: will wear | |
| (yo) | llevo | llevé | llevaba | llevaré |
| (tú / vos) | llevas | llevaste | llevabas | llevarás |
| (él / ella / usted) | lleva | llevó | llevaba | llevará |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | llevamos | llevamos | llevábamos | llevaremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | lleváis | llevasteis | llevabais | llevaréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) |
llevan | llevaron | llevaban | llevarán |
| ponerse - to put on | ||||
| present: put(s) on | preterite: put on | imperfect: put on | future: will put on | |
| (yo) | me pongo | me puse | me ponía | me pondré |
| (tú / vos) | te pones / te ponés | te pusiste | te ponías | te pondrás |
| (él / ella / usted) | se pone | se puso | se ponía | se pondrá |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | nos ponemos | nos pusimos | nos poníamos | nos pondremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | os ponéis | os pusisteis | os poníais | os pondréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) |
se ponen | se pusieron | se ponían | se pondrán |
Use the definite article rather than possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing.
The future of regular verbs (will + infinitive in English) is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive of all verbs:
| -é -ás -á -emos -éis -án |
Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above:
| caber (to fit) | cabr- | cabré |
| decir (to say, tell) | dir- | dirás |
| haber (to have) | habr- | habrá |
| hacer (to do, make) | har- | haremos |
| poder (to be able) | podr- | podréis |
| poner (to put, place) | pondr- | pondrán |
| querer (to want) | querr- | querré |
| saber (to know) | sabr- | sabrás |
| salir (to leave, go out) | saldr- | saldrá |
| tener (to have, to own) | tendr- | tendremos |
| valer (to be worth) | valdr- | valdréis |
| venir (to come) | vendr- | vendrán |
The conditional expresses an idea that is dependent on a something else. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability. It is usually translated by would + infinitive in English, i.e. I would go to Mexico but I don't have enough money. Although would + infinitive is often used in English to talk about past actions as a substitute for used to (When we were young, we would/used to go to the lake every weekend), this usage is not the conditional but rather the imperfect.
To form the present conditional, add these endings to the
infinitive for all verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems
in the future tense also use that stem for the conditional tense. You will notice that these endings are the same as for the imperfect. The difference is that the conditional adds them to the infinitive, whereas the imperfect adds them to the stem.
| -ía -ías -ía -íamos -íais -ían |
Notice that for half of the conjugations, the -í- is the only distinguishing sound between the future and conditional. sabrá = he will know vs. sabría = he would know
Adjectives must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they describe, and they are placed after the noun.
In general, masculine adjectives end in -o and feminine adjectives end in -a: blanco and blanca (white).
Adjectives that end in -ín, -án, -ón, -dor, -tor and -sor in the masculine will add an -a for the feminine.
Adjectives that end in -ete for the masculine will end in -eta for the feminine.
Adjectives of nationality add -a to the masculine to form the feminine: francés - francesa (French).Notice that when you add -a, the adjective is no longer written with an accent.
To form the plural of adjectives, follow the same rules for forming the plural of nouns.
Most adjectives follow the noun they describe, but the following adjectives drop the final -o if placed before a masculine noun in the singular: bueno - good; malo - bad; alguno - some; ninguno - no, any; uno - one; primero - first; tercero - third
When grande means great, it precedes the noun and drops the -de before a singular noun of either gender. Santo (saint) drops the -to before all masculine nouns, except those beginning with Do- or To-.
| large | grande | high, tall | alto |
| small | pequeño | low, short | bajo |
| long | largo | pretty | lindo, bonito |
| short | corto | beautiful | hermoso |
| good | bueno | ugly | feo |
| bad | malo | wide | ancho |
| rich | rico | narrow | estrecho |
| poor | pobre | heavy | pesado |
| strong | fuerte | light | ligero |
| weak | débil | hard | duro |
| easy | fácil | soft | blando |
| difficult | difícil | sweet | dulce |
| fat | gordo | sour | agrio |
| thin | delgado | bitter | amargo |
When any form of the definite article is placed before an adjective, then the adjective becomes a noun.
pobre - poor; el pobre - the poor man
If the neuter article lo is placed before a singular masculine adjective, the latter becomes an abstract noun.
bueno - good; lo bueno - the good (everything that is good)
| ball | la pelota | pool | la piscina |
| game | el juego | basketball | el básquetbol / el baloncesto |
| match | el partido | tennis | el tenis |
| team | el equipo | swimming | la natación |
| player | el jugador | boxing | el boxeo |
| soccer | el fútbol | wrestling | la lucha |
| football | el fútbol americano | hockey | el hockey |
| baseball | el béisbol | volleyball | el vóleibol |
| racket | una raqueta | net | una red |
| ball (small) | una pelota | cleats | unos zapatos de fútbol |
| bat | un bate | skis | unos esquís |
| glove | un guante | ski poles | unos bastones |
| ball | un balón | boots | unas botas |
| basketball hoop | una canasta | helmet | el casco |
El básquetbol is used in Latin America, while el baloncesto is used in Spain.
| air | el aire | grass | la hierba | sea | el mar |
| archipelago | el archipiélago | gulf | el golfo | shadow | la sombra |
| bank | la orilla | hail | el granizo | sky | el cielo |
| bay | la bahía | hay | el heno | snow | la nieve |
| barn | el granero | high tide | la marea alta | soil | el suelo |
| beach | la playa | hill | la colina | south | el sur |
| branch | la rama | ice | el hielo | spring (water) | la fuente |
| bridge | el puente | island | la isla | star | la estrella |
| bud | el capullo | isthmus | el istmo | stem | el tallo |
| bush | el arbusto | jungle | la jungla | storm | la tormenta |
| cape | el cabo | lake | el lago | strait | el aprieto |
| cave | la cueva | leaf | la hoja | stream | el arroyo |
| city | la ciudad | light | la luz | street | la calle |
| climate | el clima | lightning | el relámpago | sun | el sol |
| cloud | la nube | lily | la azucena | sunflower | el girasol |
| coast | la costa | low tide | la marea baja | thaw | el deshielo |
| comet | el cometa | meadow | el prado | thunder | el trueno |
| constellation | la constelación | moon | la luna | tornado | el tornado |
| country | el país | mountain | la montaña | tree | el árbol |
| country(side) | el campo | mountain range | la sierra | trunk | el tronco |
| current | la corriente | mouth (river) | la desembocadura | tulip | el tulipán |
| daffodil | el narciso | mud | el barro | valley | el valle |
| daisy | la margarita | nature | la naturaleza | view | la vista |
| darkness | la obscuridad | north | el norte | water | el agua (f) |
| desert | el desierto | peninsula | la península | fresh water | el agua dulce |
| dew | el rocío | plain | el llano | salt water | el agua salada |
| dust | el polvo | planet | el planeta | watering can | la regadera |
| earth | la tierra | plant | la planta | waterfall | la cascada |
| east | el este | pond | el estanque | wave | la ola |
| farm | la granja | pot (for plants) | la maceta | weather | el tiempo |
| field | el campo | rain | la lluvia | west | el oeste |
| flower | la flor | rainbow | el arco iris | wind | el viento |
| foam | la espuma | river | el río | world | el mundo |
| fog | le niebla | rock | la roca | ||
| foliage | el follaje | root | la raíz | ||
| forest | el bosque | rose | la rosa | ||
| frost | la helada | sand | la arena |
| decir - to say / tell | ||||
| present: say(s), tell(s) | preterite: said, told | imperfect: said, told | future: will say, tell | |
| (yo) | digo | dije | decía | diré |
| (tú / vos) | dices / decís | dijiste | decías | dirás |
| (él / ella / usted) | dice | dijo | decía | dirá |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | decimos | dijimos | decíamos | diremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | decís | dijisteis | decíais | diréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) |
dicen | dijeron | decían | dirán |
| salir - to go out | ||||
| present: go(es) out | preterite: went out | imperfect: went out | future: will go out | |
| (yo) | salgo | salí | salía | saldré |
| (tú / vos) | sales / salís | saliste | salías | saldrás |
| (él / ella / usted) | sale | salió | salía | saldrá |
| (nosotros / nosotras) | salimos | salimos | salíamos | saldremos |
| (vosotros / vosotras ) | salís | salisteis | salíais | saldréis |
| (ellos / ellas / ustedes) |
salen | salieron | salían | saldrán |
Decir also has irregular participles: dicho (said/told); dichiendo (saying/telling)
60. Para vs. Por & Pero vs. Sino ![]()
Para is used to express: use or destination (for), purpose (in order to); point of future time (for, by) and to be about to (estar para + infinitive - though this is not used in all varieties of Spanish.)
La carta es para Concha. The letter is for Concha.
Estudia para aprender. He studies in order to learn.
Lo tendré para el martes. I will have it by Tuesday.
Juan está para salir. John is about to leave. (not used in all varieties of Spanish)
Por is used to express: a place through or along which; expressions of time (in, during, at); exchange, price (for); unit of measure (by, per); way or means (by); because of, on account of, for; to go for, to send for; on behalf of, for the sake of; motive, reason. It is also used after a passive verb to indicate the agent (by) and estar por + infinitive indicates what remains to be done or to be in favor of.
por el pueblo through the town
por la mañana in the morning
Pagó un peso por el libro. He paid a dollar for the
book.
Se vende por libras. It's sold by the pound.
Voy por tren. I'm going by train.
Voy por Alicia. I'm going for Alice.
Voté por Juanita. I voted for Juanita.
Fue escrito por Cervantes. It was written by Cervantes.
La carta está por escribir. The letter is yet to be
written.
Estoy por escribirla. I am in favor of writing it.
Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows.
Bebe leche pero no bebe café. He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee.
Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the first clause is understood but not repeated.
No bebe café sino leche. He does not drink coffee, but milk.

